Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. Publisher: Springfield, Mass. : Merriam-Webster, 2006. $26.95. SBN: 0877798079 9780877798071 9780877798071 0877798079 # OCLC: 66262588 (Part Two)
Part one of this review gave a general information about this publication. This part two gives a more detailed context of how this dictionary compares to others and some background on how a word gets into a M-W dictionary.
The wikipedia.com entry on dictionary gives a useful overview on this subject. Concerning the history of English language dictionaries, the entry states that the first true English dictionary was Robert Cawdrey's Table Alphabeticall of 1604, although it only included 3,000 words and the definitions it contained were little more than synonyms. The first one to be at all comprehensive was Thomas Blount's dictionary Glossographia of 1656. Though many believe that Samuel Johnson's famous and more complete dictionary of 1755 was the first dictionary it was predated by Blount, as well as Kersey and Bailey. In 1806, Noah Webster's dictionary was published by the G&C Merriam Company of Springfield, Massachusetts which still publishes Merriam-Webster dictionaries, but the term Webster's is considered generic and can be used by any dictionary.
In terms of the basic types of dictionaries, Wikipedia explains the two basic philosophies to the defining of words as prescriptive or descriptive. The prescriptive tells right from wrong. The descriptive simply shows usage.
Wikipedia continues with more on this distinction by noting that Noah Webster, intent on forging a distinct identity for the American language, altered spellings and accentuated differences in meaning and pronunciation of some words. This is why American English now uses the spelling color while the rest of the English-speaking world prefers colour...Large 20th-century dictionaries such as the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) and Webster's Third are descriptive and attempt to describe the actual use of words.
Is the M-W Collegiate descriptive or prescriptive?
Wikipedia answers with the idea that the prescriptive/descriptive issue has been given so much consideration in modern times that most dictionaries of English apply the descriptive method to definitions, while additionally informing readers of attitudes which may influence their choices on words often considered vulgar, offensive, erroneous, or easily confused. Merriam-Webster is subtle, only adding italicized notations such as, sometimes offensive or nonstand (nonstandard). American Heritage goes further, discussing issues separately in numerous usage notes.
How does a word get into a Merriam-Webster dictionary?
According to the Web site at http://www.merriam-webster.com/help/faq/words_in.htm this is one of the questions Merriam-Webster editors are most often asked. The answer is simple: usage. Tracking word usage to decide which words to include in the dictionary and to determine what they mean, Merriam-Webster editors study the language as it's used. They carefully monitor which words people use most often and how they use them. Each day most Merriam-Webster editors devote an hour or two to reading a cross section of published material, including books, newspapers, magazines, and electronic publications; in our office this activity is called "reading and marking." The editors scour the texts in search of new words, new usages of existing words, variant spellings, and inflected form - in short, anything that might help in deciding if a word belongs in the dictionary, understanding what it means, and determining typical usage. Any word of interest is marked, along with surrounding context that offers insight into its form and use.
The marked passages are then input into a computer system and stored both in machine-readable form and on 3" x 5" slips of paper to create citations. Each citation has the following elements: 1. the word itself 2. an example of the word used in context 3. bibliographic information about the source from which the word and example were taken Merriam-Webster's citation files, which were begun in the 1880s, now contain 15.7 million examples of words used in context and cover all aspects of the English vocabulary.
Citations are also available to editors in a searchable text database (linguists call it a corpus) that includes more than 70 million words drawn from a great variety of sources.
How does a word make the jump from the citation file to the dictionary?
The process begins with dictionary editors reviewing groups of citations. It is the definer's job to determine which existing entries can remain essentially unchanged, which entries need to be revised, which entries can be dropped, and which new entries should be added. In each case, the definer decides on the best course of action by reading through the citations and using the evidence in them to adjust entries or create new ones.
Before a new word can be added to the dictionary, it must have enough citations to show that it is widely used. But having a lot of citations is not enough; in fact, a large number of citations might even make a word more difficult to define, because many citations show too little about the meaning of a word to be helpful. A word may be rejected for entry into a general dictionary if all of its citations come from a single source or if they are all from highly specialized publications that reflect the jargon of experts within a single field. To be included in a Merriam-Webster dictionary, a word must be used in a substantial number of citations that come from a wide range of publications over a considerable period of time. Specifically, the word must have enough citations to allow accurate judgments about its establishment, currency, and meaning.
The number and range of citations needed to add a word to the dictionary varies. In rare cases, a word jumps onto the scene and is both instantly prevalent and likely to last, as was the case in the 1980s with AIDS. In such a situation, the editors determine that the word has become firmly established in a relatively short time and should be entered in the dictionary, even though its citations may not span the wide range of years exhibited by other words. The size and type of dictionary also affects how many citations a word needs to gain admission.
Because an abridged dictionary, such as Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, has fairly limited space, only the most commonly used words can be entered; to get into that type of dictionary, a word must be supported by a significant number of citations. But a large unabridged dictionary, such as Webster's Third New International Dictionary, has room for many more words, so terms with fewer citations can still be included.
Change and variation are as natural in language as they are in other areas of human life and Merriam-Webster reference works must reflect that fact. By relying on citational evidence, M-W hopes to keep publications grounded in the details of current usage.
